Carbon tax and dividend
A carbon tax is simple to apply (until you get to the imports I mentioned). You just apply it at the mine entrance or well head or import dock to the fossil fuels and let the costs trickle up through the supply chain. It gets a bit more tricky applying it to imports of other goods but you could just have a standard that covers all of a particular countries imports.
Then the proceeds of the carbon tax should be distributed back as even shares to all citizens with perhaps up to 5% taken out for administration and funding research. Also, the tax should start out low and be gradually increased each year so it's not a big shock right off the bat. The dividend will ease the burden of the tax on low income people and people with high carbon lifestyles will pay more tax than they get back.
