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EV travels 1,000 miles on a single charge

By | August 16, 2011, 4:00 AM PDT

Recent advancements in electric vehicle battery technology are showing that the “range anxiety” that still keeps many consumers from investing in an EV may be on its way out.

Add to that list the German-built electric car that recently traveled more than one thousand miles on a single charge, besting the previous EV distance record of 623 miles.

The car, named the Schluckspecht - meaning, roughly, ‘heavy drinker’ - features a lightweight chassis with space-saving features including two in-wheel hub motors and 14 lithium-cobalt battery packs.

Developed by a joint partnership between Pforzheim University, the Fraunhofer Institut EMI and the University of Offenberg, it took four drivers 36 hours and 12 minutes to complete the 1,013-mile demonstration.

The Schluckspecht’s developers have been working on the car for the last 14 years. The test run, carried out at a leisurely speed (1013 miles in 2172 minutes averages less than 30 miles per hour) was held at Bosch’s track in Boxberg.

But despite the car’s customized features and slow driving speed, the car and its technology may be an indication that consumer electric cars may soon boast significant distances per battery charge.

If that helps to convince prospective buyers that EVs are good for more than short-distance travel, that’s good news for the planet.

Photos: Schluckspecht

via [LeftLaneNews]

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Channtal Fleischfresser

About Channtal Fleischfresser

Channtal Fleischfresser is a contributing editor for SmartPlanet.

Channtal Fleischfresser

Channtal Fleischfresser

Contributing Editor

Channtal Fleischfresser has worked for The Economist, WNET/Channel 13, Al Jazeera English, Wall Street Journal and Associated Press. She holds degrees from the University of Pennsylvania and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. She is based in New York.

Follow her on Twitter.

Channtal Fleischfresser

Channtal Fleischfresser

Channtal does not have financial holdings that would influence how or what she covers.

She writes for SmartPlanet and is not an employee of CBS.

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0 Votes
+ -
Cost per mile?
I would love to get some idea at the cost per mile for these EV's. My sense is that it is dramatically less expensive than a gasoline or diesel based vehicles.Is this true or not?
Posted by Solomonsimon
16th Aug 2011
+1 Vote
+ -
CPM
Tesla is quoting that their Model S will consume 300 watt hours per mile on average. To put that in perspective, 1 kilowatt hour of electricity typically costs $0.05-0.20 (depending on where you are). Here it is about $0.15.

That means that $0.15 will take me 3 1/3 miles, or $0.045 per mile. To drive 100 miles would cost $4.50

In comparison, a car that gets 33 mpg would take roughly 3 gallons to go that 100 miles and therefore cost 3 * cost of gas (say $3.50) or $10.50.

The other big difference is in maintenance. A pure EV has NO:
1) gas tank/filter/pump
2) Carb/fuel injection/timing
3) exhaust/catalytic convertor/egr valve/turbo/etc
4) crankshaft/camshaft/valves
5) - OK, I should have just said it - the whole, entire motor - Yes, they do have an ELECTRIC motor, but to anyone who knows about them, they realize that they are FAR simpler with almost no moving parts other than the rotors.

Each of the subsystems can be driven by it's own electric motor - e.g. coolant (yes, there is still coolant to keep the batteries cool), a/c, power steering.

Brakes are regenerative so they do recover some of the braking energy, but, one must remember that every time energy changes forms, some amount is (forever) lost to heat. You cannot escape thermodynamics.

So - HOW MUCH did your 7.5k/15k/22.5k/30k...60k mile checkup cost you?
Posted by cgh51
16th Aug 2011
+4 Votes
+ -
Cost Per Mile
Don't ignore from a maintenance perspective that the battery life will be a big drain on the Total Cost of Ownership, and a significant cost for replacement after some 5-10 years driving ...
Posted by amgillard
16th Aug 2011
+4 Votes
+ -
Not Yet
When I can buy a vehicle I can fit it (6' 2"), not cost any more than now, drive 500 miles without refilling/recharging and I can do that refilling/recharging in less than 5 minutes as now, then you'll have something.

That doesn't mean we can't get there but the entire infrastructure must be considered.

Now, the plan seems to be short range urban cars relying on municipal or parking lot recharging station to slowly charge while the driver is at work or doing errands. The slow charging at home.
Posted by Kansan52
16th Aug 2011
+4 Votes
+ -
But close...
You are correct, it's going to take some infrastructure changes, but NOW is the time to do it. Have you heard of the inductive systems they're working on in Europe that will allow your car to actually charge while you're driving down the road? Imagine taking Eisenhower's goal of building the Interstates and applying that to making them all inductive. Can't afford it you say? It would be quite easy to pay for it just by a fee on the amount of the charge... each vehicle could be easily identified. And what about putting solar panels between the wasted space on divided highways to aid with or perhaps provide the whole charge?

In order to win this battle, we can't limit our thinking to just the ways we operate our current combustion engine vehicles... using electrically-powered vehicles opens up a whole new way of doing things. Ford's new electric Focus is a good start, using home-based solar powered units for charging and using the wasted energy from braking or slowing down to charge the vehicle and that can be taken further... power can be captured from anything that moves in a car (like shock absorbers for instance), we just need to open up our minds to the possibilities.
Posted by wipster@...
16th Aug 2011
+2 Votes
+ -
EV /Solar
All of you who advocate EV and Solar power for cars, ignore the cost of Government subsidies for the EV and the cost of Photo Voltaic Solar compared to the current alternatives. I have been looking at solar for ten or more years now. When I amortize the cost including cost of money (interest) the solar was double even after the government subsidies. It has come down but still is no where close to comparable, especially when you already own the traditional source, i.e. power grid, car, generator etc.

Bob
Posted by bwexler
16th Aug 2011
+2 Votes
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This is what it will take
And I believe that it will be achieved in a few years: 1000 miles under highway conditions, with the air conditioner in use. At that point we'll laugh at having had to fill our gas tanks up every week in the old days.
Posted by AlanLaRue
16th Aug 2011
+2 Votes
+ -
1000 miles on a single charge? So what?
I got a bridge to sell you folks. That test vehicle is nothing like a street car - one seat, all-composite and aluminum construction, no lights, A/C, heat, windshield wipers, or even a radio. Put in all the power-hungry peripherals, seating for 4-5, & add in a hot day and highway speed, and the maximum range will plummet, probably into the 100 - 200 mile range or worse.
Posted by Starman35
Updated - 16th Aug 2011
+2 Votes
+ -
This is not even a proof of concept...
I agree completely. Put a typical family of four with all the incidentals that go with them, on a hot day, in a variable terrain (up and down hills), with stop and go traffic, and then see what the real range is. Prototype single passenger vehicles on a flat track are not a good proof of concept, since they are not representative of real world conditions, unless you live by yourself on a perfectly level plane that stretches for hundreds of miles.

The advances in EV technology are making steps towards the final goal, but we are a long way off still.
Posted by slahr
16th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
I don't need 1000 miles.
I just need to be able to go round trip and be able to quickly recharge.
It's nice that it goes a long way, but if I have to always take hours to get a
proper charge it still is not quite ready for prime time.

As noted above, conditions in the real world will cause faster use of the
charge. If I'm taking a trip through the desert, I really, really, need to know
I can get where I'm going and not fry in the process.
Posted by richard233
Updated - 16th Aug 2011
+1 Vote
+ -
Point Missed?
Seems most have missed the point. Compared to the previous attempt, this has bettered itself by over 40%, which is a giant leap technically. The bigger picture is.... it can be 'industrialised' to produce commercial versions, which will be able to match the fossil fuel versions available. Like it or not, we DO have to embrace this technology.

THE most worrying thing is... the supporting infrastructure hasn't really started yet. You still need a looonngggg lead from your house. What if you live on the 102nd floor? Where, oh where, are the charging outlets that will encourage us all to take this seriously? The infrastructure will take much longer to fully implement, then the fast growing market of alternative transport. Come on Governments, take this seriously and get your fingers out (and our tax cheque books).
Posted by A World Maker
Updated - 16th Aug 2011
+3 Votes
+ -
Infrastructure is getting there
Ecotality and a few other companies are creating the infrastructure(ie. big contracts with Walmart, Bestbuy, DOE as well as selling to households). The installed count is still a small number in the couple of thousand or so. The pace of their growth is being aligned with the pace of EV manufacturing and expected purchases. These companies are carefully looking at EV manufacturing count, where they are being purchased etc., and building out the infrastructure to match that pace. They are working hand in hand with major utility companies across the country for integration purposes and risk assessment of the additional power draw and as well as a potential resource(demand response), that the cars will have on the grid.

I believe we are two years off from Ev's being a sizable percentage of new car purchases. 2011-2013, these cars will primarily be for early adopters and those than can afford/desire the challenges that come along...the technology and infrastructure are growing rapidly and I am absolutely betting that EVs are here to stay. I would guess 2013 is when the general population will really start noticing the infrastructure and cars on our streets(earlier in some markets, later in others.)
Posted by kholmesmcgov
Updated - 16th Aug 2011
+2 Votes
+ -
Amen brother...
And while I'm agnostic, this is definitely something I believe in and will fight for.
Posted by wipster@...
16th Aug 2011
0 Votes
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1000 Miles from a concept.
You missed the point. This is a concept vehicle not a vehicle that can go to production. It is a good start but it will be years before it can be commercially produced.
Posted by RobertMoore12@...
16th Aug 2011
+4 Votes
+ -
It's called supply and demand...
If the demand is there, the supply will follow... and quickly. Here in Washington (the state), we are putting in charging stations as fast as we can... Oregon is doing the same. Fairly soon both I5 and I90 will have sufficient charging stations for a Volt to travel across the state using nothing but electric power... we just need to make damn sure the oil companies don't get it shut down like they did back in the 90's with the EV1... we could and should have started all of this 20 years ago. I hope and pray now that this ball can't be stopped from getting bigger as it rolls down the hill.
Posted by wipster@...
Updated - 16th Aug 2011
-3 Votes
+ -
"Help" from the government
The government is THE LAST entity we need reaching their sticky fingers into a valuable technology. If it is a good idea, which it seems it could be, several people/companies will make it work. Using tax money automatically makes the development process slower and vastly more costly. Public charging sites are no exception, but would help and may be worth the extra expense. Battery swapout services would be faster than charging. If low batteries were traded in for charged, both could be tested automatically to ensure a fair cost for the service. Light, clean standardized batteries easy to swap would be a must.
Posted by MagnetBoy
16th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
Trades probably won't work
"If low batteries were traded in for charged, both could be tested automatically to ensure a fair cost for the service." I just had a repair shop (Toyota Dealer) try to sell me a new pair of brake pads for $150, I bought new pads and threw the old ones across the room and cussed them all, when I got the first tire off and realized they were only 50% used!! Good luck "buying" new batteries every time you need a recharge with that scenario.
Posted by BaconSmoothie4-2
16th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
"HELP" from the government made the ENTIRE road system possible....
....so why can't government (i.e. society -- all of us -- WE ) -- decide to direct OUR TAXES to "HELP" the development of EV by making big investments in the infrastructure necessary to get EV off the ground -- to do something GOOD with our tax money for a change to offset the way we historically made it possible to pollute the world we live in now with the combustion engine!
Posted by clarelb
17th Aug 2011
-1 Votes
+ -
Government Involvement
To advocate that government shouldn???t be involved in setting up the infrastructure would be like saying that it shouldn???t have been involved in creating our national highway system. If we want to rebuild and enhance our infrastructure, we???ve got to stop sucking in the type of toxic attitude that is be espoused by the Tea Party types.
Posted by Wolfchen
17th Aug 2011
+4 Votes
+ -
If only gas cars were held to the same level
If only people would say, I will not drive a gas car, until they can build one that doesn't pollute the environment. I will not drive a gas car until another BP spill is impossible. I will not drive a gas car until we don't need to fight foreign wars to secure the gas. I will not drive a gas car until all the energy can come from domestic sources.

It is time to use EVs for the conditions where they are suitable and build a brighter future for our children and the environment.
Posted by JohnCBriggs
16th Aug 2011
+1 Vote
+ -
If.
If just 60% the eco crowd put their money where there mouths are and parked their cars until something better can along it would take a lot of cars off the road.

If that happened someone in the industry would respond with the car they want.

If just 60% the eco crowd invested all the money they saved on gas they could start their own company to produce such a car.

If just 60% of the eco crowd lived the life style they claim to support the world would be a better place.

But they are hypocrites driving SUVs to their kid???s soccer games while shouting the sky is falling.
Posted by Hates Idiots
16th Aug 2011
+2 Votes
+ -
Non polutting electricity????
Where does your electricity come from? more than 40% from coal.
Our electric generation facilities are aging and polluting. Our power grid is already overtaxed. What will happen to the power grid when we convert our transportation system to depend on it instead of gas stations?
What is the level of efficiency when you generate electricity, transmit it to a charging station, charge batteries, convert the stored electricity to motive power, compared to internal combustion in the vehicle?
Posted by bwexler
16th Aug 2011
+2 Votes
+ -
Electric is still far more efficient
It takes quite a bit to drill, refine, and transport oil so that it can be mixed to make gasoline that is used in engines that operate at a small fraction of the efficiency of their electric counterparts.
Posted by kmurphy@...
16th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
Efficiency of electricity
70 % of the world's electricity is generated from fossil energy. In USA , 50 % from coal. So electric motors add their couple of percent inefficiency to what you describe.
Posted by MagnetBoy
16th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
Efficiency of electricity
fueled power plants are about 33% efficient. Another 8-15% is lost in lines and transformers ( dependent on distance). Batteries, less than 80 %, charger about 80 %.The car itself motors and controls, who knows- around 80%?
A gas engine is 25-30 % and the whole car, about 20% efficient. Gas car wins, Also, all that pollution is still emitted somewhere. With an EV, it's somewhere else.
Posted by MagnetBoy
16th Aug 2011
+1 Vote
+ -
biased comparison
You forgot to include the petroleum refinery efficiency for the gas scenario. I expect including that would shift the winner to electric.

The same can be said with respect to pollution--you must include the refinery pollution when doing a comparison. And for a fair comparison you need to include only the amount attributable to individual cars, not plant to plant comparisons.
Posted by yogi_john@...
16th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
New Power Tap
All they have to do is raise the debt ceiling a few more times as the Gov. foots the bill for all of the upgrades. Its easy! I can hardly wait for all the O.T. and jobs!
Posted by BaconSmoothie4-2
16th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
It's true!! EV makes a lot of sense .
http://www.environment.ucla.edu/media_IOE/files/BatteryElectricVehicleLCA2012-rh-ptd.pdf
After our base case, sensitivity analysis, and uncertainty analysis, all of our results point to one main finding: a BEV is more energy efficient, and less polluting than a CV.
Although it takes 13 years to pay off the extra initial cost of a BEV over the lifetime of the vehicle, a BEV can ultimately save the consumer money. With improving technology, batteries and their production will become more efficient and BEV costs will likely decrease, making an electric car more attractive in the future from the consumers standpoint.
The majority of CV lifecycle air pollutants are emitted on the road. This type of emission is a mobile source - pollution that is very difficult to confine. Air pollution from BEVs however are emitted during the production of electricity and thus are a point source. Pollution from point sources has the potential to be easier to mitigate. With future advances in capturing and storing or chemically removing air pollution, BEVs will have an even lower impact on the environment. Reduced air pollution leads to improved visibility and public health benefits.
With AB 32, California has committed to increasing its renewable energy sources through climate action policy. AB32 mandates that Californias electricity mix contain at least 33% renewables by 2020. The production of clean, virtually emissions-free energy makes BEVs more appealing, especially as the charging of BEVs will increase electricity consumption. This increase in renewables is also likely to drive improvements in energy technology and efficiency.
Future research can project our analysis even further. We recommend continued analysis in battery production and recycling. Clearly the BEV is preferred in terms of environmental concerns. However, further research needs to be conducted on how to better meet consumers need with longer battery range and faster charging ability.
Posted by love2learn
7th Feb
+2 Votes
+ -
How far with what
The EV industry needs to agree a "standard" vehicle which in turn needs to be somwhate comparable to a currently available car. Claims for performance (MPH) and consumption (MPC - miles per charge) can then be equated to something real and understandable by the public.
Posted by sweetings@...
16th Aug 2011
+1 Vote
+ -
A Definite Milestone
Sure this is not a drivable car with only 1 seat and all that. But if it could be turned into a 4-seat "normal" car and still get even 1/4 the range I would be all over it! My round-trip commute is about 35 miles. I'd be able to go 7 days (more or less) between charges. That would be great. And if it could be re-charged in under an hour then a road trip is not out of the question. Drive 250 miles and charge it while eating lunch. Drive another 250 minles and stop for the night. Seems reasonable to me.
Posted by Computer Dave
16th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
Where did they say it charges in an hour? I didn't see that?
IF, IF, If, iF. Doubtful in our lifetime to see that much power charged in an hour. However if the "range" is such that you use only 15-20% a day and recharged at night, that could work. But long trips+1hr Charge, I doubt we will see it. Superconductors will likely evolve before that, then its a whole new ball game.
Posted by BaconSmoothie4-2
Updated - 16th Aug 2011
-3 Votes
+ -
Schluckspecht
One thing that journalists and news people should really watch and be aware of, is their educational effect on the general population. People think that the spelling and grammar used by such people has to be right. Unfortunately not so!
Although "Schluckspecht" is a German word, it's easy to check online, and with a name like "Fleischfresser" (which incidentally means meat eater), I would have thought that the German language would come a little easier.
Ah well - so much for education.
Posted by xeeds
16th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
Thank you
Dear Xeeds,

Thank you for your comment. I have corrected the misspelling of "Schluckspecht." Despite my last name, I am not a fluent German speaker.

I appreciate you letting me know about the mistake.

Channtal
Posted by channtal
16th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
Schmerzen in den Arsch
Translate this.

One thing that self-absorbed know-it-alls should really watch and be aware of is that they have the capacity to interrupt a perfectly good online discussion to make an unsolicited, unfounded and generalistic accusation based on what, spelling? In german? Really? Next time try contributing with a constructive comment, perhaps even something remotely related to the article in question.
Posted by windobsession
16th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
Obsession?
Thanks Channtal!

wind obsession?
How on earth do you find the correction of the main theme of the article unfounded, and how does a correction become an accusation?
It seems that wind obsession has 'pain in his a@@' , that may just be too much obsession . . . Of course those who wish to remain ignorant may do so, after all, it is, or was, a free country.
Not wishing to play on your obsession, but in case you need it again, Arschschmerzen would be more correct.
Posted by xeeds
16th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
Really
If you want to criticize grammar, check out one of Boonsri D's submissions.
Posted by kmurphy@...
16th Aug 2011
+1 Vote
+ -
autobahn speeds?
So . . . there is a difference between a leisurely 30mph and autobahn speeds. So how much more development before such a vehicle could cruise along at interstate speed?
Posted by mgossage@...
16th Aug 2011
+1 Vote
+ -
30 mph? Serously?
I would never drive a car like that. I would rather have one that does 100 mph and 200 miles on a charge. And this car is really, really ugly.
Posted by wompai
Updated - 16th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
It's more of a lab experiment than a car
Nobody will drive it
Posted by kmurphy@...
16th Aug 2011
+4 Votes
+ -
Electric Cars vs PCs
Too bad Radio Shack, Apple, Del, IBM and others didn't wait to manufacture PCs until they could compete with mainframe computers. If they would have done that, we would still be waiting. Early PCs were toys, now they can and do replace many mainframes. We need to start producing hybrid cars now and start installing charging stations in parking lots and along the interstates. The technology will grow as the use grows just like with computers. It was not that long ago that I couldn't imagine having a terabyte hard drive; now I have three of them.
Posted by edkortman
16th Aug 2011
+3 Votes
+ -
Ha!
I have four 2TB drives and am thinking of buying a couple more now that they are $89 or less... you make great points and we are getting there pretty quickly. I truly wish that some of Obama's advisors are reading this forum because it's making these changes to our infrastructure, not just roads but the power grid and parking lots and a lot of things we haven't even thought of yet, that are going to need to be upgraded. Many folks are waiting to buy their electric car until the infrastructure is there while the folks in charge of the infrastructure are waiting for people to buy the cars, but either way, if you build it, they will come... who cares whether the chicken or the egg came first... they're both going to come!

But building and/or rebuilding the infrastructure will put people to work and pretty quickly... having free chargers in your parking lot will be a huge selling factor for your Starbucks or McDonalds or Dennys or Hampton Inn. I feel fortunate to live in a fairly enlightened state who isn't waiting... we're building them now! And the cool thing is, just like PC's and cell phones, they're just gonna get better and cheaper. Great article in Popular Science this month about how Silicon Valley is reengineering the auto... all I can say is about time!
Posted by wipster@...
16th Aug 2011
-4 Votes
+ -
IF IT SOUNDS LIKE A JOKE ! IT IS A JOKE.
I HAVE A BETTER IDEA THAN THAT AND YOU CAN DRIVE 1,000 MILES AND GET 1,000 MILES IN RETURN FOR FREE. BUY A PICK UP TRUCK AND BRING A DONKEY AND HAVE HIM PULL YOU BACK HOME. IF IT SOUNDS TOO GOOD ITS BECAUSE IT IS. YOU WILL SAVE LOT'S OF MONEY. SMILE YOU'RE ON CANDID CAMERA.
Posted by edwin1234
16th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
I Cannot get it published
Why?
Posted by chorete2003
17th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
What if you just swap batteries instead of charging?
Israel can't wait for everybody to make up their mind. Granted the country is about the size of N.J., they still drive a lot and are more concerned about their ability to obtain fossil fuels to run their cars. They are already setting up an infrastructure for electric cars, where they swap batteries in 30 seconds. As for the German prototype and the mileage claims, good for them. The secret (not so secret) to success is using "In the wheel hub motors". They still have some engineering kinks to overcome, since cars don't usually run on rails like trolleys and trains, which employ this technology and bumps in the road are apparently very disruptive. I think part of the solution will ultimately involve using linear motor shock absorbers (Bose...yes the speaker manufacturer), working in conjunction with the in the wheel hub technology all being supervised by an embeded computer. No matter how you look at it, there will be less pollution and it will ultimately cost consumers and society less than our current fossil fuel driven economy, even with those nast coal fired generators.
Posted by PSFTGURU@...
17th Aug 2011
+1 Vote
+ -
Electric vehicles AND alternates.
Well, it seems to have stirred up debate at least!
Inductive charging - yes, proven concept and at the experimental stage right now.
More efficient batteries - yep! This 1000 miles car proves that.
More efficient use of motor vehicles? Yep. people in most countries now travel less by car and more by public transport, trains etc.
Power stations? Despite the efforts of those paid by rich fossil fuel companies, we, as a world, are switching to renewable energy, wind, solar, wave , thermal etc. Most of these technologies can (and are...) being deployed where needed so saving the cost of upgrading/replacing infrastructure.
The upshot is the there is no ONE solution. But there are many, all work well, and combined they will overcome the dark future of our planet.
You may have two cars. One "grocery-getter/work vehicle" (electric) and a larger SUV, etc (powered by gas/LPG/hydrogen) for the long trips.
Combining more efficient fossil fuel engines, with alternate vehicles powered by (ultimately) the Sun, will not only vastly extend the life of fossil fuels, but it will make them cheaper as oil companies realize their market is diminishing.
Fossil fuels have served us well. Now it's time to take the next step towards our future. lets face it, fossil fuels are only the Sun's energy stored.
Yes, these EV's etc are rudimentary, proof of concept etc, but so were early phones, computers, sound (and video) recording media.
We've left behind wooden wheels, drum brakes, horse and carts, the telegraph and so on. All good while they lasted, but they are now part of the past.
Posted by jeff.allen@...
17th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
Electric Battery for the Future
Its not possible now a days seen were belong 21st century, technology might progress in different ways? as long there's no harmful effect in the society, sometimes we've learned by our mistake to the very end, hopes its a beautiful starts.
Posted by junarisrael
20th Aug 2011
0 Votes
+ -
Ultra/SuperCapacitors
If there is a way to throttle/modulate the discharge of an Ultracapacitor, then wouldn't that replace the more resource-intensive, expensive, and weight-prone battery for EVs? Take a gander:

http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/09/nus-20110929.html

So maybe we're at the end of the era of battery EVs already, and are now embarking on the membrane supercapacitor EV....presuming that the latter can be discharge controlled as is done with batteries.
Posted by fuelcellman350
3rd Mar 2012
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