RE: Without ridership, public transit fails at energy efficiency
Public transit as currently expressed, is a very different life-style than a personal vehicle--it requires lifestyle changes in order to return to the lifestyle before mass transit started being driven out of business in the early 20th century--mostly by cities cutting routes with few riders to fewer and fewer runs until it was so inconvenient that the riders went elsewhere.
You cannot run mass transit based upon ridership until you have a majority share of travel.
The fact is that most people don't actually use the freedom that driving gives them on a daily commute basis--they go to work & then home again at the same times every day.
Public transit is popular and in wide use in places where the society never left the idea, and in places like NYC where driving & parking are nightmares.
The easy solution (if there is one,) is to artificially boost ridership by making auto use difficult, expensive or impossible and/or by supporting the system costs from other sources while developing the system and ridership.
But cities mostly aren't designed with any sort of mass transit in mind--if you don't count cars. This makes building the systems difficult and expensive (though the equipment and infrastructure lasts far longer than most cars.)
The other benefits: fewer accidents, less stress, etc. are seldom included in the costs of driving vs transit.
We have had the technology for several years now (like 20!) to automate the highway traffic--something which should be done very soon for several reasons.
The requirements to automate highway traffic are not truly difficult or expensive, and there are many benefits:
To automate freeway traffic requires:
stationary GPS receivers every so often along the roadway.
Collision avoidance systems--ideally the auto-drive on each car talks to the cars nearby, coordinating actions and reporting road conditions.
A GPS/video location system. Federal highways are largely standardized for signage and painting, which combined with GPS (accurate to a couple inches with those road-side GPS units, can easily keep you on course.
Benefits?
Far fewer accidents.
Real-time road condition information down to where new potholes or debris have developed...cheaper to repair early than late!
Humans take around 2 seconds to respond to events. Automated systems can respond 10-100 times faster. This enables a string of cars to run at train car spacing--milliseconds apart rather than 3-5 seconds--more safely than humans traveling at the correct 3+ second separation (something which rarely happens, most traffic is between .5 and 1.5 seconds apart--too close to stop safely!)
Such close spacing would eliminate a lot of the need for highway expansion, since you can fit (safely) 10 x the number of vehicles across the same roadway,
Close spacing allows the train of cars to run as a unit, since the time delay between an event and all car auto-drives reacting can be sub-second...tens of cars running inches apart can stop safely because they all start braking at the same instant and at the same rate, monitoring separation to avoid accidents.
Rested drivers. You could get in the car in NYC and drive coast to coast taking control only when you needed to exit the highway for food & gas & other reasons. You could work, sleep, & whatever during the freeway time.
Higher speeds. An automated system reacts fast4er, and because each car has a very good idea of what the roadway is like ahead, an active suspension can give a nearly perfect ride.
Costs?
Hardware for each car could be made for around $1000 per car as a built-in option, as an add-on it would cost a bit more. It is likely that insurance premium savings alone would cover the costs in a couple years.
What about all the manually controlled vehicles?
The automated systems collision avoidance and inter-vehicle communication would permit them to handle integrated manually controlled vehicles--and report violators. Alcohol and drug detection control locks could prohibit such abusers from taking manual control.
Many of the benefits of train rapid transit, without the hassles of stop&go travel and with the benefits of having an individual vehicle when you need one.
But the infrastructure is cheaper and more flexible--if you build a train track and people's destinations change, you may be left with a lot of expensive roadbed unused. With automated driving, so long as the roadway is in the system, people can pick any destination they want.
It offers the advantages of personal ownership (primarily the American desire for a car!) including the maintenance load being placed upon the individual, on privately owned property--the graffiti and destructive public property disadvantages go away.
And no need for central large stations or pulling hundreds of travel seats off line to repair them.
No thieves on board, semi-permanent safe places for your stuff--and you can take more with you than is easily carried on a train.
Cheaper, safer, less hassle, more reliable and paid for by the users, such a system has many reasons to choose ti over regular mass transit systems.